Physics

Vectors, kinematics, Newton's laws, work, energy, momentum, and rotational dynamics. Forces, energy conservation, collisions, torque, angular momentum, and gravitation.

Fundamental concepts of electromagnetism, including electrostatics, electric fields, and potentials, as well as Gauss's law. Capacitance, current, resistance, and both DC and AC circuits. Magnetism, Faraday’s Law, electromagnetic induction, and Maxwell’s equations. 

Wave properties like frequency and amplitude, as well as phenomena like Reflection, Refraction, Interference, and Diffraction. Students learn about light behavior, image formation, and the principles of optics, including geometric and wave optics.

The dual nature of light and matter, wave-particle duality, and the principles of quantum mechanics, including the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and Schrödinger's equation. Students also explore Einstein's theory of relativity, addressing the concepts of time dilation, length contraction, and mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2). Additional areas include atomic and nuclear physics, where students learn about atomic models, radioactivity, and nuclear reactions.

Laws of thermodynamics, which include the conservation of energy, entropy, and the behavior of systems approaching absolute zero. Students learn about different thermodynamic systems, state functions, phase transitions, and the workings of heat engines and refrigerators.